What is 5G?
While 5G isn't expected until 2020, an increasing number of companies are investing now to prepare for the new mobile wireless standard. We explore 5G, how it works and its impact on future wireless systems.
5G simply stands for fifth generation and refers to the next and newest mobile wireless standard based on the IEEE 802.11ac standard of broadband technology, although a formal standard for 5G is yet to be set.
According to the Next Generation Mobile Network's 5G white paper, 5G connections must be based on 'user experience, system performance, enhanced services, business models and management & operations'.
And according to the Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) to qualify for a 5G a connection should meet most of these eight criteria:
- One to 10Gbps connections to end points in the field
- One millisecond end-to-end round trip delay
- 1000x bandwidth per unit area
- 10 to 100x number of connected devices
- (Perception of) 99.999 percent availability
- (Perception of) 100 percent coverage
- 90 percent reduction in network energy usage
- Up to ten-year battery life for low power, machine-type devices
Previous generations like 3G were a breakthrough in communications. 3G receives a signal from the nearest phone tower and is used for phone calls, messaging and data.
4G works the same as 3G but with a faster internet connection and a lower latency (the time between cause and effect).
EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
A. First Generation(1G)
B. Second Generation(2G)
C. Third Generation(3G)
D. Fourth Generation(4G)
COMPARISION OF 1G TO 5G
| CONTENT | 1G | 2G | 3G | 4G | 5G |
| START | 1970 | 1990 | 2004 | NOW | SOON |
| | | | | | (2020) |
| | | | | | |
| DATA | 2kbps | 64kbps | 2Mbps | 1Gbps | >1Gbps |
| BW | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| MULTIPLEX | FDMA | TDMA | CDMA | CDMA | CDMA |
| | | | | | |
| SWITCHING | CIRCUIT | CIRCUIT | PACKET | ALL | ALL |
| | | | | PACKET | PACKET |
| | | | | | |
| CORE | | | | | |
| NETWORK | PSTN | PSTN | PACKET | INTERNET | INTERNET |
| | | | N/W | | |
5G ARCHITECTURE
Fifth generation mobile systems model is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks interoperability The All-IP Network (AIPN) is capable to fulfill increasing demands of the cellular communications market. It is a common platform for all radio access technologies. The AIPN uses packet switching and its continuous evolution provides optimized performance and cost. In fifth generation Network Architecture consist of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new architecture) and a number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies (RAT).
In 5G Network Architecture all IP based mobile applications and services such as Mobile portals, Mobile commerce, Mobile health care, Mobile government, Mobile banking and others, are offered via Cloud Computing Resources (CCR).
Cloud computing is a model for convenient on-demand network access to configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services). Cloud computing allows consumers to use applications without installation and access their personal data at any computer with internet access. CCR links the ReconfigurableMulti Technology Core (RMTC) with remote reconfiguration data from RRD attached to Reconfiguration Data models (RDM). The main challenge for a RMTC is to deal with increasing different radio access technologies. The core is a convergence of the nanotechnology, cloud computing and radio, and based on All IP Platform. Core changes its communication functions depending on status of the network and/or user demands. RMTC is connected to different radio access technologies ranging from 2G/GERAN to 3G/UTRAN and 4G/EUTRAN in addition to 802.11x WLAN and 802.16x WMAN. Other standards are also enabled such as IS/95, EV- DO, CDMA2000...etc. Interoperability process-criteria and mechanisms enable both terminal and RMTC to select from heterogeneous access systems.
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction…” a definition from. Hence, cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to maintain data and applications. In 5G networks this central remote server could be a content provider. Cloud computing allows consumers and business to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. The same concept is going to be used in multi -core technology where the user tries to access his private account form a global content provider through cloud computing.
QUALITY OF SERVICE(QoS)
Next Generation Networks (NGN) consists of support functionalities for data transport, and control transport, as well as functionalities for support of services and applications. The measurement of traffic is a basic control activity in order to provide Quality of Service. In addition 5G communication system is designed by the finest Quality of Service (QoS).
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to a network‘s ability to achieve maximum bandwidth and deal with other network performance elements like latency, error rate and uptime. Quality of service also involves controlling and managing network resources by setting priorities for specific types of data (video, audio, files) on the network. QoS is exclusively applied to network traffic generated for video on demand, IPTV, VoIP, streaming media, videoconferencing and online gaming. The primary goal of quality of service is to provide priority to networks, including dedicated bandwidth, controlled jitter, low latency and improved loss characteristics. Its technologies supply the elemental building blocks that will be used for future business applications in campus, wide area networks and service provider networks. There are three fundamental components for basic QoS implementation :
• Identification and marking techniques for coordinating QoS from end to end between network elements.
CONCLUSION
The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going towards higher data rates and all-IP principle. Mobile terminals are obtaining each year more processing power, more memory on board, and longer battery life for the same applications. 5G include latest technologies such as cognitive radio, SDR, nanotechnology, cloud computing and based on All IP Platform. It is expected that the initial Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and giving more functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of mobile networks, here referred to as 5G.
CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction…” a definition from. Hence, cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to maintain data and applications. In 5G networks this central remote server could be a content provider. Cloud computing allows consumers and business to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. The same concept is going to be used in multi -core technology where the user tries to access his private account form a global content provider through cloud computing.
QUALITY OF SERVICE(QoS)
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to a network‘s ability to achieve maximum bandwidth and deal with other network performance elements like latency, error rate and uptime. Quality of service also involves controlling and managing network resources by setting priorities for specific types of data (video, audio, files) on the network. QoS is exclusively applied to network traffic generated for video on demand, IPTV, VoIP, streaming media, videoconferencing and online gaming. The primary goal of quality of service is to provide priority to networks, including dedicated bandwidth, controlled jitter, low latency and improved loss characteristics. Its technologies supply the elemental building blocks that will be used for future business applications in campus, wide area networks and service provider networks. There are three fundamental components for basic QoS implementation :
• Identification and marking techniques for coordinating QoS from end to end between network elements.
WHY 5G?
- Very High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.
- It supports interactive,multimedia, voice, video, Internet, and other broadband services, more effective and more attractive,and have Bi- directional, accurate traffic statistics.
- 5G technology offers Global access and service portability.
- It offers the high quality services due to high error tolerance.
- It is providing large broadcasting capacity up to Gigabit which supporting almost 65,000 connections at a time.
- More applications combined with artificial intelligent (AI) as human life will be surrounded by artificial sensors which could be communicating with mobile phones.
- •5G technology use remote management that user can get better and fast solution.
- The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology is very high.
- 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.
- 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
CONCLUSION
The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going towards higher data rates and all-IP principle. Mobile terminals are obtaining each year more processing power, more memory on board, and longer battery life for the same applications. 5G include latest technologies such as cognitive radio, SDR, nanotechnology, cloud computing and based on All IP Platform. It is expected that the initial Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and giving more functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in the future generation of mobile networks, here referred to as 5G.
What is Chat-bot?
customer service, call centers and Internet gaming. Chat bots used for these purposes are typically limited to conversations regarding a specialized purpose and not for the entire range of human communication.
One well known example of a chat bot is ALICE.
A chat bot is also called a chatter bot.
What are the biggest advantages and disadvantages of using chat-bots?
The biggest advantages of chat-bots include being able to reach a broad audience on messenger apps, as well as the ability to automate personalized messages. They also can improve efficiency by taking over tasks for which humans are not essential. One disadvantage is that not all bots are created equal. For example, when Facebook opened up messenger to bots, many people were disappointed in the lack of sophisticated entry level bots were able to provide. However, this will improve over time, with better bot selection.
There are thousands of chat-bots in India as of now but I am going to list only which are famous by itself or Launched by Big Brands Like HDFC, Yatra etc.
1. Engazify
Engazify Bot is a faster and better way to appreciate your teammates, capture all your team wins, and save it for everyone to see.
2. GoHeroAI
It assists you in booking flight, hotel, taxis etc. It integrates with messaging apps to use sophisticated algorithms and understand traveller’s preference.
3. HDFC
Eva is India's first AI-based banking chatbot and can answer millions of customer queries across multiple channels instantly, HDFC Bank said in a statement.
4. Ruhh
A chatbots developed by Microsoft India team. Specially for Indian market. You can talk in English as well Hindi.
5. Lawbot
This Chennai-based chatbot or rather Lawbot analyses and reviews legal documents, like license agreements, which can help you save time, money and simplify the process
6. Haptik
Haptik can perform a wide array of activities ranging from finding the best shopping deals, checking train status, book movie tickets, get food delivered, and book flight/train tickets among others.
7. Gupshup
it enables developers to quickly and easily build, test, deploy and manage chatbots across all messaging channels.
8. IxiBaba
A chatbot that can answer all your travel queries, brought to you by ixigo is the perfect example of how companies are improving on interacting with customers and enhancing customer experience.
9. MagicX
One of the first bots on the Facebook messenger, MagicX lets you carry day-to-day tasks like bill payments, recharge, food ordering, flight booking and other services via chat.
10. Niki.ai
Whether a prepaid, post-paid or DTH recharge, paying electricity bills, booking a cab, getting a laundry or ordering a burger from burger king, this chatbot assists you in all of it.
11. RechargeBot
Payjo is India’s first messenger bot that lets you recharge your phone, sets reminder for recharge and shows suitable plans for your number.
12. Yana
YANA help users to book cabs, order groceries, etc. The chatbot’s intelligence has been developed by it’s more than 50,000 messages that it has received over time.
13. FitCircle
FitCircle is a health and fitness chatbot which offers users personalized weight loss workouts, personalized yoga guidance and similar features. It also offers nutrition guidance.
14. Prepathon
Prepathon messages students the topic of the day, it answers questions and also sends across motivational messages. Aimed at helping students perform better at their exams, this chatbot is making their life easier
15. Yatra
Yatra has launched what it claims is the first Facebook Messenger chatbot in the Indian online travel sector. The intelligent chatbot helps customers search and book flights directly from their Facebook Messenger.
Linux all basics commands list in one Place , here is all:
What is a command shell?
A program that interprets commands
Allows a user to execute commands by typing them manually at a terminal, or automatically in programs called shell scripts.
A shell is not an operating system. It is a way to interface with the operating system and run commands.
What is BASH?
BASH = Bourne Again SHell
Bash is a shell written as a free replacement to the standard Bourne Shell (/bin/sh) originally written by Steve Bourne for UNIX systems.
It has all of the features of the original Bourne Shell, plus additions that make it easier to program with and use from the command line.
Since it is Free Software, it has been adopted as the default shell on most Linux systems.
How is BASH different from the DOS command prompt?
Case Sensitivity: In Linux/UNIX, commands and filenames are case sensitive, meaning that typing “ EXIT” instead of the proper “ exit” is a mistake.
“ \” vs. “ /”: In DOS, the forward-slash “ /” is the command argument delimiter,
while the backslash “ \” is a directory separator. In Linux/UNIX, the
“ /” is the directory separator, and the “ \” is an escape character. More about these special characters in a minute!
Filenames: The DOS world uses the “eight dot three” filename convention, meaning that all files followed a format that allowed up to 8 characters in the
filename, followed by a period (“dot”), followed by an option extension, up to 3 characters long (e.g. FILENAME.TXT). In UNIX/Linux, there is
no such thing as a file extension. Periods can be placed at any part of the filename, and “extensions” may be interpreted differently by all programs, or not at all.
Special Characters
Before we continue to learn about Linux shell commands, it is important to know that there are many symbols and characters that the shell interprets in special ways. This means that certain typed characters: a) cannot be used in certain situations, b) may be used to perform special operations, or, c) must be “escaped” if you want to use them in a normal way.
Character | Description | |
\ | Escape character. If you want to reference a special character, you must “escape” it | |
with a backslash first. | ||
Example: | touch /tmp/filename\* | |
/ | Directory separator, used to separate a string of directory names. | |
Example: | /usr/src/linux | |
. | Current directory. Can also “hide” files when it is the first character in a filename. | |
.. | Parent directory | |
~ | User's home directory | |
* | Represents 0 or more characters in a filename, or by itself, all files in a directory. | |
Example: | pic*2002 can represent the files pic2002, picJanuary2002, | |
picFeb292002, etc. | ||
? | Represents a single character in a filename. | |
Example: | hello?.txt can represent hello1.txt, helloz.txt, but not | |
hello22.txt | ||
[ ] | Can be used to represent a range of values, e.g. [0-9], [A-Z], etc. | |
Example:hello[0-2].txt represents the names hello0.txt, | ||
hello1.txt, and hello2.txt | ||
| | “Pipe”. Redirect the output of one command into another command. | |
Example: | ls | more | |
> | Redirect output of a command into a new file. If the file already exists, over-write it. | |
Example: | ls > myfiles.txt | |
>> | Redirect the output of a command onto the end of an existing file. | |
Example:echo “Mary 555-1234” >> phonenumbers.txt | ||
< | Redirect a file as input to a program. | |
Example: | more < phonenumbers.txt | |
; | Command separator. Allows you to execute multiple commands on a single line. | |
Example:cd /var/log ; less messages | ||
&& | Command separator as above, but only runs the second command if the first one | |
finished without errors. | ||
Example:cd /var/logs && less messages | ||
& | Execute a command in the background, and immediately get your shell back. | |
Example: | find / -name core > /tmp/corefiles.txt & | |
The Linux Directory Layout | ||
Directory | Description | |
The nameless base of the filesystem. All other directories, files, drives, and | ||
devices are attached to this root. Commonly (but incorrectly) referred to as | ||
the “slash” or “/” directory. The “/” is just a directory separator, not a | ||
directory itself. | ||
/bin | Essential command binaries (programs) are stored here (bash, ls, mount, | |
tar, etc.) | ||
/boot | Static files of the boot loader. | |
/dev | Device files. In Linux, hardware devices are acceessd just like other files, and | |
they are kept under this directory. | ||
/etc | Host-specific system configuration files. | |
/home | Location of users' personal home directories (e.g. /home/susan). | |
/lib | Essential shared libraries and kernel modules. | |
/proc | Process information pseudo-filesystem. An interface to kernel data structures. | |
/root | The root (superuser) home directory. | |
/sbin | Essential system binaries (fdisk, fsck, init, etc). | |
/tmp | Temporary files. All users have permission to place temporary files here. | |
/usr | The base directory for most shareable, read-only data (programs, libraries, | |
documentation, and much more). | ||
/usr/bin | Most user programs are kept here (cc, find, du, etc.). | |
/usr/include | Header files for compiling C programs. | |
/usr/lib | Libraries for most binary programs. | |
/usr/local | “Locally” installed files. This directory only really matters in environments | |
where files are stored on the network.Locally-installed files go in | ||
/usr/local/bin, /usr/local/lib, etc.). Also often used for | ||
software packages installed from source, or software not officially shipped | ||
with the distribution. | ||
/usr/sbin | Non-vital system binaries (lpd, useradd, etc.) | |
/usr/share | Architecture-independent data (icons, backgrounds, documentation, terminfo, | |
man pages, etc.). | ||
/usr/src | Program source code. E.g. The Linux Kernel, source RPMs, etc. | |
/usr/X11R6 | The X Window System. | |
/var | Variable data: mail and printer spools, log files, lock files, etc. | |
Commands for Navigating the Linux Filesystems
The first thing you usually want to do when learning about the Linux filesystem is take some time to look around and see what's there! These next few commands will: a) Tell you where you are,
b) take you somewhere else, and c) show you what's there. The following table describes the basic operation of the pwd, cd, and ls commands, and compares them to certain DOS commands that you might already be familiar with.
Linux Command | DOS Command | Description | |
pwd | cd | “Print Working Directory”. | Shows the current |
location in the directory tree. | |||
cd | cd, chdir | “Change Directory”. When typed all by itself, it | |
returns you to your home directory. | |||
cd directory | cd directory | Change into the specified directory name. | |
Example: cd /usr/src/linux | |||
cd ~ | “~” is an alias for your home directory. It can be | ||
used as a shortcut to your “home”, or other | |||
directories relative to your home. | |||
cd .. | cd.. | Move up one directory. For example, if you are in | |
/home/vic and you type “cd ..”, you will end | |||
up in /home. | |||
cd - | Return to previous directory. | An easy way to get | |
back to your previous location! | |||
ls | dir /w | List all files in the current directory, in column | |
format. | |||
ls directory | dir directory | List the files in the specified directory. | |
Example: ls /var/log | |||
ls -l | dir | List files in “long” format, one file per line. This | |
also shows you additional info about the file, such | |||
as ownership, permissions, date, and size. | |||
ls -a | dir /a | List all files, including “hidden” files. Hidden files | |
are those files that begin with a “.”, e.g. The | |||
.bash_history file in your home directory. | |||
ls -ld | A “long” list of “directory”, but instead of showing | ||
directory | the directory contents, show the directory's detailed | ||
information. For example, compare the output of | |||
the following two commands: | |||
ls -l /usr/bin | |||
ls -ld /usr/bin | |||
ls /usr/bin/d* | dir d*.* | List all files whose names begin with the letter “d” | |
in the /usr/bin directory. | |||
Unix/Linux Command Reference | ||||||||||
File Commands | System Info | |||||||||
ls – directory listing | date – show the current date and time | |||||||||
ls -al | – formatted listing with hidden files | cal – show this month's calendar | ||||||||
cd dir | - change directory to dir | uptime | – show current uptime | |||||||
cd – change to home | w – display who is online | |||||||||
pwd – show current directory | whoami | – who you are logged in as | ||||||||
mkdir dir | – create a directory dir | finger user | – display information about user | |||||||
rm file – delete file | uname -a – show kernel information | |||||||||
rm -r dir | – delete directory dir | cat /proc/cpuinfo – cpu information | ||||||||
rm -f file | – force remove file | cat /proc/meminfo – memory information | ||||||||
rm -rf dir | – force remove directory dir * | man command | – show the manual for command | |||||||
cp file1 file2 – copy file1 to file2 | df – show disk usage | |||||||||
cp -r dir1 dir2 – copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it | du – show directory space usage | |||||||||
doesn't exist | free – show memory and swap usage | |||||||||
mv file1 file2 – rename or move file1 to file2 | whereis app | – show possible locations of app | ||||||||
if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into | which app – show which app will be run by default | |||||||||
directory file2 | ||||||||||
Compression | ||||||||||
ln -s file link – create symbolic link link to file | ||||||||||
touch file | – create or update file | tar cf file.tar files – create a tar named | ||||||||
file.tar | containing files | |||||||||
cat > file – places standard input into file | ||||||||||
tar xf file.tar – extract the files from file.tar | ||||||||||
more file | – output the contents of file | |||||||||
tar czf file.tar.gz files – create a tar with | ||||||||||
head file | – output the first 10 lines of file | |||||||||
tail file | – output the last 10 lines of file | Gzip compression | ||||||||
tar xzf file.tar.gz – extract a tar using Gzip | ||||||||||
tail -f file – output the contents of file as it | ||||||||||
grows, starting with the last 10 lines | tar cjf file.tar.bz2 – create a tar with Bzip2 | |||||||||
compression | ||||||||||
Process Management | ||||||||||
tar xjf file.tar.bz2 – extract a tar using Bzip2 | ||||||||||
ps – display your currently active processes | ||||||||||
gzip file – compresses file and renames it to | ||||||||||
top – display all running processes | file.gz | |||||||||
kill pid – kill process id pid | ||||||||||
gzip -d file.gz – decompresses file.gz back to | ||||||||||
killall proc – kill all processes named proc * | file | |||||||||
bg – lists stopped or background jobs; resume a | ||||||||||
stopped job in the background | Network | |||||||||
fg – brings the most recent job to foreground | ping host – ping host and output results | |||||||||
fg n – brings job n to the foreground | whois domain – get whois information for domain | |||||||||
dig domain – get DNS information for domain | ||||||||||
File Permissions | ||||||||||
chmod octal file – change the permissions of file | dig -x host | – reverse lookup host | ||||||||
wget file – download file | ||||||||||
to octal, which can be found separately for user, | ||||||||||
wget -c file – continue a stopped download | ||||||||||
group, and world by adding: | ||||||||||
● | 4 – read (r) | |||||||||
Installation | ||||||||||
● | 2 – write (w) | Install from source: | ||||||||
● 1 – execute (x) | ||||||||||
./configure | ||||||||||
Examples: | ||||||||||
make | ||||||||||
chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all | ||||||||||
make install | ||||||||||
chmod 755 – rwx for owner, rx for group and world | ||||||||||
dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a package (Debian) | ||||||||||
For more options, see man chmod. | ||||||||||
rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a package (RPM) | ||||||||||
SSH | ||||||||||
Shortcuts | ||||||||||
ssh user@host – connect to host as user | ||||||||||
Ctrl+C – halts the current command | ||||||||||
ssh -p port user@host – connect to host on port | ||||||||||
port as user | Ctrl+Z | – stops the current command, resume with | ||||||||
fg in the foreground or bg in the background | ||||||||||
ssh-copy-id user@host – add your key to host for | ||||||||||
user to enable a keyed or passwordless login | Ctrl+D | – log out of current session, similar to exit | ||||||||
Ctrl+W | – erases one word in the current line | |||||||||
Searching | ||||||||||
Ctrl+U | – erases the whole line | |||||||||
grep pattern files – search for pattern in files | ||||||||||
Ctrl+R | – type to bring up a recent command | |||||||||
grep -r pattern dir – search recursively for | !! - repeats the last command | |||||||||
pattern in dir | ||||||||||
exit – log out of current session | ||||||||||
command | grep pattern – search for pattern in the | ||||||||||
output of command | * use with extreme caution. | |||||||||
locate file – find all instances of file | ||||||||||
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